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Marine chronometer by Barraud, c. 1840–1850 — view 1 of 3
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Instruments · Marine chronometer

Marine chronometer by Barraud, c. 1840–1850

DocumentedDocumented from a dealer's listing; attribution and date as stated by the dealer.
Maker / attribution
Barraud (maker)
Date
c. 1840–1850
Country of origin
Unrecorded in source
Object type
Marine chronometer
Materials / technique
mahogany
Stock no.
Product 4367
Credit line
Dealer listing, Howard Walwyn (product 4367)
Catalogue title (original)
BARRAUD, N° 2/975. A fine mid-19th century 8-day marine chronometer in a three-part mahogany box. (English)

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Record summary

Catalogued by Howard Walwyn Fine Antique Clocks (dealer), London (stock number Product 4367), this is a marine chronometer by Barraud, dated c. 1840–1850. The Atlas places it in the Precision & Scientific Horology period (1750 – 1850) of its Instruments collection. Materials and techniques recorded by the source: mahogany. The record is illustrated with 3 photographs.

Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.

Catalogue description

Dealer description — Howard Walwyn

A fine mid-19th century 8-day marine chronometer in a three-part mahogany box, featuring a silvered dial with power reserve indication and a finely executed Earnshaw-type spring detent escapement. The case is of traditional three-part construction in richly figured mahogany, with a solid top lid and centre section housing the original maker’s plaque engraved BARRAUD, No. 2/975 . The lower section is fitted with recessed brass handles and an inlaid brass escutcheon to the lock. The 5-inch silvered Roman dial is crisply engraved and signed Barraud, Cornhill, London, No. 2/975 , with subsidiary seconds at XII and a shaped aperture below displaying the state of wind. The blued steel spade hands are finely made and well-balanced. The movement is of classic ¾ plate design, constructed with three tall turned and ringed pillars supporting the spring barrel, fusee with chain, and maintaining power. There is a spring detent-type escapement set on a sub-plate, with a free-sprung blued steel helical balance spring, diamond end stone, and a bimetallic compensated balance with large timing screws. The bowl is weighted and gimballed, and punch-numbered 2/975 to match the dial and plaque. It also has an integral butterfly-form winding key, two associated hand-setting keys, and a case key. Date: circa 1840 – 1850 Width : 8 ½ in (22.5 cm) *Barraud , later Barraud and Sons, was founded by Paul Phillip Barraud. They were among London’s foremost makers in the late 18 th and early 19 th centuries and were well known for their chronometers, regulators and fine domestic timepieces. The firm was located at 41 Cornhill, and their clocks are prized for both their precision and elegant design. Barraud is mentioned on page 43 of Brian Loomes’ Watchmakers and Clockmakers of the World: Complete 21 st Century Edition . HW6276

Historical context

Precision & Scientific Horology (1750 – 1850)

Harrison solves longitude; Mudge invents the lever; Breguet's Paris workshop defines the modern watch.

The longitude problem was solved by the marine chronometer and lunar distance methods; dividing engines made precision scales possible, and observatories set time by transit instruments.

Read the period in the timelineMore instruments from this periodEarlier: Early Modern Horology

Atlas type guide

Marine chronometers

A marine chronometer is a precision timekeeper carried at sea to find longitude: the navigator compares local noon, observed with a sextant, with the time at a reference meridian kept by the chronometer. Each hour of difference corresponds to fifteen degrees of longitude. John Harrison proved the method in the 1760s; Pierre Le Roy, Ferdinand Berthoud, John Arnold and Thomas Earnshaw then developed the detent escapement and the compensation balance that made chronometers practical to manufacture.

By the nineteenth century London, Liverpool, Le Locle and Glashütte supplied navies and merchant fleets. A typical box chronometer has a spring-detent escapement, a fusee to equalise mainspring torque, a bimetallic compensation balance with a helical balance spring, and is mounted in gimbals inside a wooden box so that it stays level.

What to look for

  • Gimbals and a three-tier wooden box with a glazed inner lid.
  • A power-reserve ('up and down') indicator on the dial, usually showing 56 hours on two-day instruments.
  • Spring-detent escapement and a cylindrical (helical) balance spring visible through the movement.
  • Admiralty or navy marks (broad arrow), and rating certificates from observatories.
  • The maker's number on the dial and movement; many makers' registers survive, allowing dating.

Dating clues

  • Earnshaw-type spring-detent chronometers became standard after about 1800.
  • Auxiliary compensation devices on the balance appear from the mid-nineteenth century.
  • Quartz and radio time signals ended routine use of mechanical chronometers in the 1970s and 1980s.

General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.

Read next:Detent escapement

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