
Pocket Watches · Clock-watch
Leather-covered gilt-brass cased verge clock-watch
- Maker / attribution
- Pierre Grébauval (Made by)
- Date
- 1645–1655
- Historical period
- Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
- Country of origin
- France
- Place
- Nantes
- Object type
- Clock-watch
- Materials / technique
- brass, gold, leather
- Dimensions
- Diameter: 70 millimetres (inner case) Diameter: 79.30 millimetres (outer case)
- Holding institution
- British Museum
- Accession / object no.
- 1958,1201.2247
- Credit line
- British Museum, London
- Catalogue title (original)
- Leather-covered gilt-brass cased verge clock-watch (English)
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Record summary
Held and catalogued by British Museum (object number 1958,1201.2247), this is a clock-watch by Pierre Grébauval, made in Nantes, France, dated 1645–1655. The Atlas places it in the Early Modern Horology period (1600 – 1750) of its Pocket Watches collection. Materials and techniques recorded by the source: brass, gold, leather. Recorded dimensions: Diameter: 70 millimetres (inner case) Diameter: 79.30 millimetres (outer case). The record is illustrated with 6 photographs.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Description — British Museum
Movement frame: Circular gilt-brass plates with five baluster pillars. There are two separate bridges on the dial side of the pillar-plate. Engraved decoration around the verge aperture. MAINSPRING & BARREL Gilt-brass barrel with snap-in cap and riveted steel hook. The original ratchet and click set-up has been replaced by a tangent-screw system. Fusee & stop-work: Gilt-brass fusee with gut line and English stop-work. Train: Three wheel going train, the replaced second wheel and contrate pinion recessed into the pillar-plate and running in a separate bridge. The motion work is not original. Escapement & balance: Verge escapement with all the components, including the potence, counter-potence and balance cock replaced. Striking train: Powered by a fixed barrel with a pierced and engraved foliate band. The mainspring with geared stop-work on the pillar plate, the wheel and pinion now replaced. Five wheel train of solid wheels terminating with a sixth roller pinion running in a adjustable bearing plug. The fourth wheel and fifth pinion are recessed into the pillar plate and run in a separate bridge. Warned release with pierced steel locking and release gates. Count-wheel control, the silver count-wheel engraved 1-12 around a central rosette. The original strike silent lever is now missing and is replaced by a non-functioning piece of mainspring steel. Dial & hand: Gilt-brass dial plate with an engraved border of leaves to surround the pinned-on dial. Four lugs around the outside engage in recesses in the case band. The present brass dial with an outer chapter ring with Roman hours I-XII, triple arrow-head half-hour marks and a double circle surrounding an engraved landscape with a river, an angler and a castle, is a later replacement. The hand is also a replacement. Cases: Gilt-brass inner case, the band pierced and engraved with scrolling foliage incorporating hounds, a rabbit, a bird etc. The inside of the case is gilded all over and there is no square for the bell which does not appear to be original and is cracked. The glazed bezel is split at the hinge and is engraved S-N for strike silent. This bezel is very likely a replacement for a solid lid. Later outer leather covered brass case with gilt rims. Around the band and bezel a series of holes allow the sound of the bell to escape.
Inscriptions & marks
signature; Pierre Grebauval ANantes.
Provenance
Previous owner/ex-collection:, Courtenay Adrian Ilbert; Purchased through:, Christie's; Acquired 1958
Historical context
Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
Huygens' pendulum and balance spring transform accuracy; English makers develop the anchor and deadbeat escapements.
The balance spring (c. 1675) improved watches dramatically and introduced the minute hand. English pair-cased verge watches with pierced balance cocks and French oignons were typical; enamel painting at Blois and Geneva, and the repeating watch (1680s), made watches objects of great refinement.
Read the period in the timelineMore pocket watches from this periodEarlier: Renaissance Horology
Atlas type guide
Early spring-driven watches
Portable spring-driven timepieces appeared in southern Germany, France and Italy in the early sixteenth century; Peter Henlein of Nuremberg is traditionally credited, although the historical record is complex. These early watches were worn as pendants or carried, had iron or brass movements with a verge escapement and a foliot or small balance, and used a stackfreed or fusee to equalise spring force. They indicated hours only and were notoriously inaccurate.
From the later sixteenth century watches were made in Blois, Paris, Geneva, London and Augsburg in oval, octagonal, cruciform, skull and other 'form' cases of rock crystal, gilt brass, silver and enamel. They were jewellery and status objects as much as timekeepers.
What to look for
- A single hour hand and often a touch-pin hour ring for feeling the time.
- Stackfreed (a cam and spring) instead of a fusee on German watches.
- Pierced and engraved cocks over the balance, fine gut fusee lines.
- Rock-crystal, enamelled or engraved form cases.
Dating clues
- Drum-shaped German watches: c. 1530–1580.
- Oval and form watches: c. 1580–1650.
- Before c. 1675 there is no balance spring; watches can vary by many minutes a day.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
Read next:FoliotThe Melanchthon watch
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