Clocks · Wall clock
Wall Clock by Jabez C. Baldwin
- Maker / attribution
- Jabez C. Baldwin (maker); (ornament painted by) Willard and Nolen (artist)
- Date
- 1805–9
- Historical period
- Precision & Scientific Horology (1750 – 1850)
- Country of origin
- United States
- Place
- Salem
- Object type
- Wall clock
- Materials / technique
- mahogany, white pine
- Dimensions
- 45 1/4 × 11 5/8 × 3 3/4 in. (114.9 × 29.5 × 9.5 cm) other (Dial): 7 7/8 in. (20 cm) other (Movement): 4 3/8 × 2 3/4 × 1 5/8 in. (11.1 × 7 × 4.2 cm)
- Holding institution
- Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven
- Accession / object no.
- 1930.2194a-b
- Credit line
- Mabel Brady Garvan Collection
- Catalogue title (original)
- Wall Clock (English)
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Record summary
Held and catalogued by Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven (object number 1930.2194a-b), this is a wall clock by Jabez C. Baldwin, made in Salem, United States, dated 1805–9. The Atlas places it in the Precision & Scientific Horology period (1750 – 1850) of its Clocks collection. Materials and techniques recorded by the source: mahogany, white pine. Recorded dimensions: 45 1/4 × 11 5/8 × 3 3/4 in. (114.9 × 29.5 × 9.5 cm) other (Dial): 7 7/8 in. (20 cm) other (Movement): 4 3/8 × 2 3/4 × 1 5/8 in. (11.1 × 7 × 4.2 cm). The record is illustrated with 4 photographs.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Catalogue description — Yale University Art Gallery
During the last part of the eighteenth century, a variety of smaller wall and shelf clocks were invented that challenged the supremacy of the more expensive tall clock. Wall clocks of the banjo type (known in the period as a "patent timepiece") were developed by Simon Willard around 1795. This example follows Willard's invention and bears the name of the Salem silversmith and clockmaker Jabez Baldwin.
Published references — Yale University Art Gallery
Edwin A. Battison and Patricia E. Kane, The American Clock, 1725–1865: The Mabel Brady Garvan and Other Collections at Yale University (Greenwich, Conn.: New York Graphic Society, 1973), 194–195, no. 45, ill. · Elise K. Kenney, ed., Handbook of the Collections: Yale University Art Gallery (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery, 1992), 93, ill.
Provenance
Henry V. Weil, New York; Francis P. Garvan, New York. Gift in 1930 to Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Conn.
Historical context
Precision & Scientific Horology (1750 – 1850)
Harrison solves longitude; Mudge invents the lever; Breguet's Paris workshop defines the modern watch.
The age of the deadbeat escapement, compensated pendulums and observatory regulators. Domestic clocks spread through the middle classes: English longcase and bracket clocks, French gilt-bronze mantel clocks, Viennese Biedermeier wall clocks, Black Forest painted-shield clocks, and the first American shelf clocks.
Read the period in the timelineMore clocks from this periodEarlier: Early Modern Horology
Atlas type guide
Regulators, wall and Vienna clocks
A regulator is a precision pendulum clock used as a time standard in observatories, workshops and railway offices. Typical features are a deadbeat or Graham escapement, a temperature-compensated pendulum (mercury jar, gridiron or later invar), maintaining power and a regulator dial that separates hours, minutes and seconds. George Graham's deadbeat escapement (c. 1715) and his mercury pendulum, together with Harrison's gridiron, set the pattern for two centuries.
Wall clocks span a much wider range: the elegant Viennese Laterndluhr and Dachluhr of the Biedermeier period, the Dutch stoelklok and staartklok, English 'dial' clocks used in schools, offices and railway stations, and mass-produced spring and weight wall clocks from Germany (Gustav Becker, Junghans, Kienzle) and America.
What to look for
- Deadbeat escapement and compensated pendulum (gridiron rods, mercury jar or wood rod).
- A regulator dial with a large central minute hand and separate hour and seconds dials.
- Vienna regulators: glazed cases, slender pendulum, small weights, enamel two-piece dials.
- German factory trademarks stamped on the backplate (e.g. Gustav Becker anchor and crown, Junghans star).
Dating clues
- Graham-type deadbeat regulators: from c. 1720.
- Viennese Laterndluhr: c. 1800–1850.
- German factory 'Vienna-style' regulators: c. 1870–1930; Gustav Becker serial numbers allow close dating.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
Read next:Deadbeat escapementAnchor (recoil) escapementGrasshopper escapement
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