
Pocket Watches · Stop-watch
Stop-watch no. 5285 by George Graham
- Maker / attribution
- George Graham (maker)
- Date
- c. 1729
- Historical period
- Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
- Country of origin
- England
- Object type
- Stop-watch
- Materials / technique
- metal; glass
- Dimensions
- Overall: 65 x 52 x 27 mm
- Holding institution
- Royal Museums Greenwich
- Accession / object no.
- ZAA0009
- Credit line
- National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London, Caird Collection
- Catalogue title (original)
- 5285 (English)
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Record summary
Held and catalogued by Royal Museums Greenwich (object number ZAA0009), this is a stop-watch by George Graham, made in England, dated c. 1729. The Atlas places it in the Early Modern Horology period (1600 – 1750) of its Pocket Watches collection. Materials and techniques recorded by the source: metal; glass. Recorded dimensions: Overall: 65 x 52 x 27 mm. The record is illustrated with 6 photographs.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Catalogue description — Royal Museums Greenwich
Centre-seconds stop-watch with cylinder escapement, in A silver pair-case. The watch is signed 'Geo. Graham London' on the potence plate and cap and inscribed 'W.S.5285' on the outer case. This stop-watch is believed to have been made for James Bradley, the third Astronomer Royal, who used it for observations on the aberration of light and the fixed stars. The centre-seconds hand can be stopped by moving a small lever which protrudes through the side of the inner case. This actuates a spring which bears on the balance and thus stops the watch.
Historical context
Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
Huygens' pendulum and balance spring transform accuracy; English makers develop the anchor and deadbeat escapements.
The balance spring (c. 1675) improved watches dramatically and introduced the minute hand. English pair-cased verge watches with pierced balance cocks and French oignons were typical; enamel painting at Blois and Geneva, and the repeating watch (1680s), made watches objects of great refinement.
Read the period in the timelineMore pocket watches from this periodEarlier: Renaissance Horology
Atlas type guide
Timers, stopwatches, chronoscopes and time recorders
Instruments for measuring short intervals or recording when something happened form a large and practical branch of horology. Sports stopwatches and split-seconds timers, laboratory chronoscopes (such as Hipp's, which measured thousandths of a second for psychology and ballistics experiments), metronomes for music, watchmen's clocks that recorded patrol rounds, and the time recorders that clocked factory workers in and out all derive from clock and watch technology.
These objects matter historically because they show timekeeping leaving the observatory and the drawing room and entering industry, science and sport. Many were mass-produced, and their dials, scales and patents chart the rise of electrification and industrial management.
What to look for
- Scales graduated in fifths, tenths or hundredths of a second, or decimal minutes for industrial use.
- Start, stop and reset push-pieces; a second hand that can be stopped independently (split seconds).
- Recording devices: paper discs or tapes, printing mechanisms, keys or punches.
- Patent numbers and dates on the dial or case, which give a terminus post quem.
Dating clues
- Hipp chronoscopes were made from the 1840s into the twentieth century.
- Employee time recorders spread from the 1890s (Bundy, IBM, International Time Recording Co.).
- Quartz and electronic timers replaced mechanical stopwatches in sport from the 1970s.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
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