
Pocket Watches · Clock-watch
Oval Gilt-Brass Cased Verge Clock-Watch
- Maker / attribution
- Jean Baptiste Letter (Made by)
- Date
- 1640–1650
- Historical period
- Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
- Country of origin
- Switzerland
- Place
- Zug (town)
- Object type
- Clock-watch
- Materials / technique
- brass, gold
- Dimensions
- Length: 75.30 millimetres (case including pendant and finial) Thickness: 31.50 millimetres Width: 47.50 millimetres
- Holding institution
- British Museum
- Accession / object no.
- 1958,1201.2319
- Credit line
- British Museum, London
- Catalogue title (original)
- Oval Gilt-Brass Cased Verge Clock-Watch (English)
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Record summary
Held and catalogued by British Museum (object number 1958,1201.2319), this is a clock-watch by Jean Baptiste Letter, made in Zug (town), Switzerland, dated 1640–1650. The Atlas places it in the Early Modern Horology period (1600 – 1750) of its Pocket Watches collection. Materials and techniques recorded by the source: brass, gold. Recorded dimensions: Length: 75.30 millimetres (case including pendant and finial) Thickness: 31.50 millimetres Width: 47.50 millimetres. The record is illustrated with 4 photographs.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Description — British Museum
Oval Gilt-Brass Cased Verge Clock-Watch. Case: Gilt-brass case with integral front and hinged back. The band consists of upper and lower mouldings bordering a large central bombé section. The middle of the hinged back is pierced and engraved with realistic flowers within a wheatear border. The integral front has the dial pinned to it and on the outside there is a hinged, glazed bezel, the glass retained by lugs. Gilt-brass pendant and finial. On the front of the case between VI and VII o'clock is a heart-shaped hole which reveals the position of the count-wheel. Screwed inside the back is a shallow bell. The movement enters the case from the rear and is retained by two key-operated turn-latches Dial & Hand: Silver dial, the engraved chapter-ring Roman hours I-XII between an outer ring and and inner circle marked with lines at the hours. The dial centre is decorated with polychrome flowers enamelled en basse-taille. The blued-steel hand is not original. Movement Frame: Oval gilt-brass plates with four baluster pillars. A separate bridge on the pillar plate provides bearing for the dial wheel and the recessed second wheel and third pinion of the going-train. Riveted potence and screwed-on counter-potence. Mainspring & Set-Up: Gilt-brass barrel with dovetailed cap and riveted steel hook. ratchet and click set-up, with all steel components. Fusee & Stop-Work: Gilt-brass fusee with coarse-link chain and English stop-work. Going-Train: Four wheel train of gilt-brass wheels, the second wheel and third pinion recessed into the pillar-plate. Escapement & Balance: Verge escapement, the crown wheel now lacking its front pivot. Steel two-arm balance with ringed rim. Long straight balance-cock with a small foliate foot. The table is pierced by a log rectangular hole. Striking Train: Five wheel train terminating with a barrel pinion. Powered by a gilt-brass fixed barrel. Nag's head release without warning and with overlift. Count-wheel controls the plain brass count-wheel probably a replacement. The striking is set-off by a cam mounted on a pinion which is driven by an intermediate wheel in turn driven by a large wheel mounted beneath the pinion of report.
Curator's comments — British Museum
Clocks by J.B. Letter in the Adler Planetarium and in Milan, Sforza Castel?.
Inscriptions & marks
signature; movement back plate; JBL à Zug
Provenance
Previous owner/ex-collection:, Courtenay Adrian Ilbert, Previous owner/ex-collection:, Ida Netter, Previous owner/ex-collection:, Otto Koch; Acquired 1958
Historical context
Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
Huygens' pendulum and balance spring transform accuracy; English makers develop the anchor and deadbeat escapements.
The balance spring (c. 1675) improved watches dramatically and introduced the minute hand. English pair-cased verge watches with pierced balance cocks and French oignons were typical; enamel painting at Blois and Geneva, and the repeating watch (1680s), made watches objects of great refinement.
Read the period in the timelineMore pocket watches from this periodEarlier: Renaissance Horology
Atlas type guide
Early spring-driven watches
Portable spring-driven timepieces appeared in southern Germany, France and Italy in the early sixteenth century; Peter Henlein of Nuremberg is traditionally credited, although the historical record is complex. These early watches were worn as pendants or carried, had iron or brass movements with a verge escapement and a foliot or small balance, and used a stackfreed or fusee to equalise spring force. They indicated hours only and were notoriously inaccurate.
From the later sixteenth century watches were made in Blois, Paris, Geneva, London and Augsburg in oval, octagonal, cruciform, skull and other 'form' cases of rock crystal, gilt brass, silver and enamel. They were jewellery and status objects as much as timekeepers.
What to look for
- A single hour hand and often a touch-pin hour ring for feeling the time.
- Stackfreed (a cam and spring) instead of a fusee on German watches.
- Pierced and engraved cocks over the balance, fine gut fusee lines.
- Rock-crystal, enamelled or engraved form cases.
Dating clues
- Drum-shaped German watches: c. 1530–1580.
- Oval and form watches: c. 1580–1650.
- Before c. 1675 there is no balance spring; watches can vary by many minutes a day.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
Read next:FoliotThe Melanchthon watch
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