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Clock no. 680 by George Graham — view 1 of 1
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Clocks · Clock

Clock no. 680 by George Graham

DocumentedDocumented from the holding institution's catalogue record.
Maker / attribution
George Graham (maker)
Date
c. 1730
Country of origin
England
Object type
Clock
Materials / technique
wood; brass
Dimensions
Overall: 1840 x 450 x 260 mm
Holding institution
Royal Museums Greenwich
Accession / object no.
ZAA0590
Credit line
National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London
Catalogue title (original)
No. 680 (English)

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Record summary

Held and catalogued by Royal Museums Greenwich (object number ZAA0590), this is a clock by George Graham, made in England, dated c. 1730. The Atlas places it in the Early Modern Horology period (1600 – 1750) of its Clocks collection. Materials and techniques recorded by the source: wood; brass. Recorded dimensions: Overall: 1840 x 450 x 260 mm. The record is illustrated with 1 photograph.

Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.

Catalogue description

Catalogue description — Royal Museums Greenwich

Astronomical regulator No. 680. This clock was re-assembled in 2004 with the exception of the electrical contacts. Month going, bolt and shutter working power replaced by Harrison's. New escape wheel and pallets, electrical contacts added for minute and hour impulses. It has also been recased. The square silver dial displays hours in an aperture.

Historical context

Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)

Huygens' pendulum and balance spring transform accuracy; English makers develop the anchor and deadbeat escapements.

Huygens's pendulum (1656–57) improved clock accuracy from about a quarter of an hour to under a minute a day. The anchor escapement (c. 1670) and the long seconds pendulum created the longcase clock; London makers such as Fromanteel, Knibb, Tompion and Quare led European clockmaking, and French makers created the Boulle pendule.

Read the period in the timelineMore clocks from this periodEarlier: Renaissance Horology

Atlas type guide

Domestic clocks

A clock combines four systems: a source of power (falling weight, coiled spring, or later electricity), a gear train that divides time, an escapement and oscillator that regulate it (foliot, pendulum or balance), and an indicating system of dial and hands or a bell. Its history runs from the large iron weight-driven clocks of the late thirteenth century to Renaissance spring-driven table clocks, the pendulum revolution of 1656, the factory clocks of the nineteenth century and electric and quartz clocks of the twentieth.

Domestic clocks also reflect regional furniture and decorative traditions — English longcase and bracket clocks, French pendules, Viennese regulators, Black Forest and American shelf clocks — and therefore record changing tastes as much as technical progress.

What to look for

  • How the clock is powered: weights, spring barrel, fusee, electric coil.
  • The oscillator: foliot, short pendulum, long seconds pendulum or balance.
  • Whether it strikes: hour only (count wheel) or hours and quarters (rack striking).
  • The maker or retailer's name on dial and movement, and any factory trademarks.
  • Signs of alteration — replaced dials, converted escapements, 'married' cases.

Dating clues

  • Before 1656 clocks used foliots or balances; after, most domestic clocks have pendulums.
  • Anchor escapements spread after c. 1670; minute hands became common at the same time.
  • Factory production in America and Germany transformed prices after c. 1840.

General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.

Read next:Verge escapementAnchor (recoil) escapementFoliot

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