Instruments · Sundial
Sundial - Diptych, Leonhart Miller, Augsburg, Germany, 1640
- Maker / attribution
- Leonhart Miller (Maker)
- Date
- 1640
- Historical period
- Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
- Country of origin
- Germany
- Place
- Augsburg, Swabia, Bavaria, Germany
- Object type
- Sundial
- Dimensions
- 9 cm (Length), 5.5 cm (Width), 1.3 cm (Height); 90 mm (Length), 56 mm (Width), 15 mm (Height)
- Holding institution
- Museums Victoria, Melbourne
- Accession / object no.
- ST 23634
- Catalogue title (original)
- Sundial - Diptych, Leonhart Miller, Augsburg, Germany, 1640 (English)
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Record summary
Held and catalogued by Museums Victoria, Melbourne (object number ST 23634), this is a sundial by Leonhart Miller, made in Augsburg, Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, dated 1640. The Atlas places it in the Early Modern Horology period (1600 – 1750) of its Instruments collection. Recorded dimensions: 9 cm (Length), 5.5 cm (Width), 1.3 cm (Height); 90 mm (Length), 56 mm (Width), 15 mm (Height). The record is illustrated with 5 photographs.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Summary — Museums Victoria
Ivory diptych sundial, made by Leonhart Miller, Augsburg, Germany, 1640. The thin thread serves as the gnomon for the horizontal dial. The angle of the thread can be adjusted to 42, 45, 48, 51 or 54 degrees to correspond to the latitude, by passing the thread through the appropriate hole in the lid. A table on the lid shows the latitude of some principal European cities.
Physical description — Museums Victoria
Cord from lid to base, compass in base but needle missing. Under base rotating metal disc with pointer, around disc 2 circular scales with arabic numbers, inner scale 1 to 12 twice, outer scale 1 to 29, on top of lid. German labels, inside lid list of places with numbers
Inscriptions & marks
NSEW marked on compass. Sundial circle around compass marked 'Soli Deo Gloria'.
Provenance
Purchase
Historical context
Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
Huygens' pendulum and balance spring transform accuracy; English makers develop the anchor and deadbeat escapements.
Pocket sundials, Butterfield dials and sandglasses remained essential companions to imperfect clocks; navigators used sandglasses and the log line; observatories began to combine telescopes with pendulum clocks.
Read the period in the timelineMore instruments from this periodEarlier: Renaissance Horology
Atlas type guide
Sundials and solar time-finders
A sundial tells time from the position of a shadow cast by a gnomon or style. Because the sun's apparent motion depends on latitude, every fixed dial is laid out for a particular latitude, and portable dials either carry a latitude scale or are made for one region. Sundials show local apparent solar time, which drifts against mean (clock) time by up to about sixteen minutes over the year — the equation of time.
Portable dials were the pocket instruments of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Nuremberg and Augsburg workshops produced folding ivory diptych dials with inset compasses; English and French makers sold brass horizontal dials, ring dials and the Butterfield type; Japanese and Chinese makers had their own traditions of compass dials. After mechanical watches became reliable, dials remained in use for setting them, and nineteenth-century heliochronometers were built to correct directly for the equation of time.
What to look for
- The latitude engraved on the dial plate or a latitude arc on the gnomon — it shows where the dial was meant to be used.
- The type of hour lines: equal (equinoctial) hours, Italian or Babylonian hours counted from sunset or sunrise, or unequal temporal hours on early and Islamic instruments.
- An inset magnetic compass and whether a magnetic-declination mark is drawn on its card — a useful dating clue because declination changes over time.
- Maker's signatures and town marks: Nuremberg compass-makers (Kompassmacher) often struck a personal mark and the town's punch.
- Additional scales such as lunar volvelles, wind roses, perpetual calendars or lists of cities with their latitudes.
Dating clues
- Ivory diptych dials are characteristic of Nuremberg between about 1500 and 1700.
- Butterfield-type dials with a bird-shaped adjustable gnomon point to Paris workshops from the late seventeenth century onward.
- Equation-of-time tables engraved on the plate became common after the mid-seventeenth century, once pendulum clocks made the difference between solar and mean time obvious.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
Read next:The history timeline
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