Instruments · Sundial
Sundial by Johan Martin, Germany, 1675–1700
- Maker / attribution
- Johan Martin (Maker)
- Date
- 1675–1700
- Historical period
- Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
- Country of origin
- Germany
- Place
- Tyskland Augsburg
- Object type
- Sundial
- Dimensions
- Bredd 60.0 mm Bredd 70.0 mm
- Holding institution
- National Maritime Museum
- Accession / object no.
- S 5459
- Credit line
- National Maritime Museum
- Catalogue title (original)
- Solur
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Record summary
Held and catalogued by National Maritime Museum (object number S 5459), this is a sundial by Johan Martin, made in Tyskland Augsburg, Germany, dated 1675–1700. The Atlas places it in the Early Modern Horology period (1600 – 1750) of its Instruments collection. Recorded dimensions: Bredd 60.0 mm Bredd 70.0 mm. The record is illustrated with 2 photographs.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Catalogue description from National Maritime Museum
Solur av silver och förgylld mässing. Soluret har en kvadratisk basplatta med graverade texten: "Elevatio Poli" och latitud för ett flertal orter. Tidsavläsningen är ställbar för latitud och datum. På undersidan finns ett ställbart kalendarium. Soluret är signerat "Johann Martin in Augsburg" det ligger i ett skinnklätt etui som är fodrat med ljusrött siden. Johan Martin var verksam som urmakaremästare i Augsburg under åren 1675-1700.
Shown in the original language of the source catalogue. An editor-reviewed English translation has not yet been published; we do not publish machine translations as authoritative text.
Historical context
Early Modern Horology (1600 – 1750)
Huygens' pendulum and balance spring transform accuracy; English makers develop the anchor and deadbeat escapements.
Pocket sundials, Butterfield dials and sandglasses remained essential companions to imperfect clocks; navigators used sandglasses and the log line; observatories began to combine telescopes with pendulum clocks.
Read the period in the timelineMore instruments from this periodEarlier: Renaissance Horology
Atlas type guide
Sundials and solar time-finders
A sundial tells time from the position of a shadow cast by a gnomon or style. Because the sun's apparent motion depends on latitude, every fixed dial is laid out for a particular latitude, and portable dials either carry a latitude scale or are made for one region. Sundials show local apparent solar time, which drifts against mean (clock) time by up to about sixteen minutes over the year — the equation of time.
Portable dials were the pocket instruments of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Nuremberg and Augsburg workshops produced folding ivory diptych dials with inset compasses; English and French makers sold brass horizontal dials, ring dials and the Butterfield type; Japanese and Chinese makers had their own traditions of compass dials. After mechanical watches became reliable, dials remained in use for setting them, and nineteenth-century heliochronometers were built to correct directly for the equation of time.
What to look for
- The latitude engraved on the dial plate or a latitude arc on the gnomon — it shows where the dial was meant to be used.
- The type of hour lines: equal (equinoctial) hours, Italian or Babylonian hours counted from sunset or sunrise, or unequal temporal hours on early and Islamic instruments.
- An inset magnetic compass and whether a magnetic-declination mark is drawn on its card — a useful dating clue because declination changes over time.
- Maker's signatures and town marks: Nuremberg compass-makers (Kompassmacher) often struck a personal mark and the town's punch.
- Additional scales such as lunar volvelles, wind roses, perpetual calendars or lists of cities with their latitudes.
Dating clues
- Ivory diptych dials are characteristic of Nuremberg between about 1500 and 1700.
- Butterfield-type dials with a bird-shaped adjustable gnomon point to Paris workshops from the late seventeenth century onward.
- Equation-of-time tables engraved on the plate became common after the mid-seventeenth century, once pendulum clocks made the difference between solar and mean time obvious.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
Read next:The history timeline
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