Clocks · Japanese clock
Japanese clock, 1800–1899 (German Clock Museum Museu_ProvidedCHO_museum_digital_57261__technical_number_)
- Maker / attribution
- Unrecorded in source
- Date
- 1800–1899
- Historical period
- Precision & Scientific Horology (1750 – 1850)
- Country of origin
- Japan
- Place
- Japan
- Object type
- Japanese clock
- Holding institution
- German Clock Museum
- Accession / object no.
- Museu_ProvidedCHO_museum_digital_57261__technical_number_
- Catalogue title (original)
- Pfeileruhr (Shaku Tokei), Japan, 19. Jahrhundert (German)
Record summary
Held and catalogued by German Clock Museum (object number Museu_ProvidedCHO_museum_digital_57261__technical_number_), this is a japanese clock, made in Japan, dated 1800–1899. The Atlas places it in the Precision & Scientific Horology period (1750 – 1850) of its Clocks collection. The record is illustrated with 1 photograph.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Catalogue description from German Clock Museum (German)
Im 16. Jahrhundert brachten die Jesuiten die mechanischen Uhren mit nach Fernost. Noch bis 1873 galt in Japan ein spezielles Zeitsystem, das ursprünglich aus China stammte. Um die europäischen Uhren an ihre Zeitvorstellungen anzupassen, kamen die Japaner auf raffinierte Ideen. Der japanische Kalendertag begann mit Sonnenuntergang. Tag und Nacht wurden in je sechs Toki eingeteilt. Da sich im Laufe des Jahres Tag- und Nachtlänge ändern, sind auch die Toki unterschiedlich lang. Durch die Anpassung der europäischen Räderuhr an diese Zeitvorstellung entstand die japanische Uhr, die Wadokei. Um die Uhren nach diesem Zeitsystem laufen zu lassen, nutzten die Japaner zwei Möglichkeiten. Beispielsweise versahen sie eine gleichmäßig gehende Uhr mit verschiebbaren Ziffern für die Anzeige - wie im Fall dieser Pfeileruhr (Shaku Tokei). (Deutsches Uhrenmuseum Furtwangen)
Shown in the original language of the source catalogue. An editor-reviewed English translation has not yet been published; we do not publish machine translations as authoritative text.
Historical context
Precision & Scientific Horology (1750 – 1850)
Harrison solves longitude; Mudge invents the lever; Breguet's Paris workshop defines the modern watch.
The age of the deadbeat escapement, compensated pendulums and observatory regulators. Domestic clocks spread through the middle classes: English longcase and bracket clocks, French gilt-bronze mantel clocks, Viennese Biedermeier wall clocks, Black Forest painted-shield clocks, and the first American shelf clocks.
Read the period in the timelineMore clocks from this periodEarlier: Early Modern Horology
Atlas type guide
Japanese clocks (wadokei)
Mechanical clocks reached Japan with European missionaries in the sixteenth century. During the Edo period (1603–1868) Japanese makers adapted them to the native system of unequal temporal hours: daylight and night were each divided into six hours whose length changed with the seasons. Clockmakers solved this with movable hour numerals, double foliots (one for day, one for night) or, on pillar clocks, sliding hour plaques along a vertical scale.
Common forms include the lantern-style yagura-dokei on a pyramidal stand, the bracket-like makura-dokei, and the narrow shaku-dokei (pillar clock) whose weight-driven pointer descends a scale. The temporal system was abolished in 1873 when Japan adopted Western time reckoning, and wadokei production ceased soon after.
What to look for
- Hour numerals in the twelve zodiac animal signs or numbers nine to four.
- Movable hour plaques or a dial with adjustable hour markers.
- Double foliot balances at the top of the movement.
- Brass movements with fine engraving and lacquered wooden cases.
Dating clues
- Double foliots appear from the late seventeenth century.
- Pillar clocks are typical of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
- Production ended after the 1873 calendar reform.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
Read next:FoliotVerge escapement
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