Instruments · Sundial
Sundial, 1573
- Maker / attribution
- Unrecorded in source
- Date
- 1573
- Historical period
- Renaissance Horology (1400 – 1600)
- Country of origin
- Unrecorded in source
- Place
- Waalkade (Nijmegen) vindplaats plaats van vervaardiging Neurenberg
- Object type
- Sundial
- Materials / technique
- brons ivoor
- Holding institution
- Valkhof Museum
- Accession / object no.
- PDB.2008.162.NIJM.1048.146
- Credit line
- Valkhof Museum
- Catalogue title (original)
- Kleine ivoren zakzonnewijzer uit 1573 (Dutch)
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Record summary
Held and catalogued by Valkhof Museum (object number PDB.2008.162.NIJM.1048.146), this is a sundial, made in Waalkade (Nijmegen) vindplaats plaats van vervaardiging Neurenberg, dated 1573. The Atlas places it in the Renaissance Horology period (1400 – 1600) of its Instruments collection. Materials and techniques recorded by the source: brons ivoor. The record is illustrated with 1 photograph.
Assembled from the source record's structured fields. Dates and attributions are given as the source states them; where a field is missing the Atlas leaves it blank rather than estimating.
Catalogue description
Catalogue description from Valkhof Museum
Kleine ivoren zakzonnewijzer uit 1573, gemaakt in Neurenberg door Hans Tucher II of III. De zonnewijzer bestaat uit twee scharnierend met elkaar verbonden bladen, die bij gebruik worden opengeklapt en dan een rechte hoek vormen. De zonnewijzer heeft op beide bladen een ingegraveerde wijzerplaat. Het onderste blad, de zogenaamde horizontale wijzerplaat, heeft een cirkelvormige uitdieping voor het kompas. Op dit blad zijn de uren ingegraveerd in Arabische cijfers. In het bovenste blad, de verticale wijzerplaat, zijn de uren met Romeinse cijfers genummerd. Bovenaan, in de halve cirkel is het jaartal 1573 aangebracht. Op beide bladen is een gaatje aanwezig voor het bevestigen van de draad die als wijzer (gnomon) diende. De draad zelf is verloren gegaan, evenals de sluiting, het kompas en de scharnieren. Vermoedelijk waren de scharnieren en de sluiting van een koperlegering, gezien de corrosie op het ivoor. Op de achterkant van het onderblad staat een merk in de vorm van een rechtopstaande slang met een kroon. Dit is het meesterteken van de Tucher-familie. Met de datering 1573 komen dan twee makers in aanmerking: Hans Tucher II (1536-1615) of Hans Tucher III (1549-1632).
Shown in the original language of the source catalogue. An editor-reviewed English translation has not yet been published; we do not publish machine translations as authoritative text.
Historical context
Renaissance Horology (1400 – 1600)
Spring power makes clocks portable; Nuremberg and Augsburg produce the first watches; the Prague Orloj is built.
Instrument-making flourished in Nuremberg, Augsburg, Louvain and London: ivory diptych dials, astronomical compendia, astrolabes and nocturnals for wealthy patrons, navigators and scholars.
Read the period in the timelineMore instruments from this periodEarlier: Medieval Period
Atlas type guide
Sundials and solar time-finders
A sundial tells time from the position of a shadow cast by a gnomon or style. Because the sun's apparent motion depends on latitude, every fixed dial is laid out for a particular latitude, and portable dials either carry a latitude scale or are made for one region. Sundials show local apparent solar time, which drifts against mean (clock) time by up to about sixteen minutes over the year — the equation of time.
Portable dials were the pocket instruments of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. Nuremberg and Augsburg workshops produced folding ivory diptych dials with inset compasses; English and French makers sold brass horizontal dials, ring dials and the Butterfield type; Japanese and Chinese makers had their own traditions of compass dials. After mechanical watches became reliable, dials remained in use for setting them, and nineteenth-century heliochronometers were built to correct directly for the equation of time.
What to look for
- The latitude engraved on the dial plate or a latitude arc on the gnomon — it shows where the dial was meant to be used.
- The type of hour lines: equal (equinoctial) hours, Italian or Babylonian hours counted from sunset or sunrise, or unequal temporal hours on early and Islamic instruments.
- An inset magnetic compass and whether a magnetic-declination mark is drawn on its card — a useful dating clue because declination changes over time.
- Maker's signatures and town marks: Nuremberg compass-makers (Kompassmacher) often struck a personal mark and the town's punch.
- Additional scales such as lunar volvelles, wind roses, perpetual calendars or lists of cities with their latitudes.
Dating clues
- Ivory diptych dials are characteristic of Nuremberg between about 1500 and 1700.
- Butterfield-type dials with a bird-shaped adjustable gnomon point to Paris workshops from the late seventeenth century onward.
- Equation-of-time tables engraved on the plate became common after the mid-seventeenth century, once pendulum clocks made the difference between solar and mean time obvious.
General guidance written by the Atlas editors about this kind of object. It is not a statement about this particular piece; for that, rely on the source record above and on physical examination.
Read next:The history timeline
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